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MDCAT Notes

Find comprehensive and important topic-wise notes allowing you to understand key concepts and quickly revise each subject.

Lymphatic System: Study Notes

The lymphatic system collects excess interstitial fluid, returns it to the bloodstream, absorbs fats from digestion, and plays a crucial role in immune defense.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 10, 2024

Immune System: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of the Immune System in Life Processes for both Animals & Plants, tailored for MDCAT Biology preparation.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 10, 2024

Digestive System: Study Notes

The digestive system processes food in animals, involving ingestion, digestion, absorption, and waste elimination. Key organs include the mouth, stomach, and intestines.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 10, 2024

Respiratory System: Study Notes

Explore the Respiratory System in Life Processes for MDCAT Biology. Get a comprehensive overview to help you master this essential topic for your exam.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 10, 2024

Cardiovascular System: Study Notes

The cardiovascular system in animals consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, facilitating nutrient transport and waste removal. Plants have a simpler system.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 10, 2024

Osmotic Pressure: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Osmotic Pressure in Life Processes in Animals & Plants for MDCAT Biology.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 10, 2024

Water and Mineral Uptake: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Water and Mineral Uptake in Life Processes in Animals & Plants for MDCAT Biology.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 10, 2024

Carnivorous Plants / Parasitic Nutrition: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Carnivorous Plants and Parasitic Nutrition in Life Processes in Animals & Plants for MDCAT Biology, covering key concepts and examples.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 10, 2024

Evidence of Evolution: Study Notes

Evidence of evolution includes fossils, comparative anatomy, and embryonic development, demonstrating common ancestry and adaptation over time.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Neo-Darwinism: Study Notes

Neo-Darwinism integrates Darwin's natural selection with Mendelian genetics, emphasizing variation, inheritance, and gradual evolution through genetic mutations.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: Study Notes

Darwin’s theory of evolution posits that species evolve through natural selection, where advantageous traits increase survival and reproduction over generations.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: Study Notes

Explore a comprehensive overview of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics in Evolution for MDCAT Biology, covering key concepts and their significance in evolution.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Concepts of Evolution: Study Notes

Evolution involves changes in heritable traits over generations, driven by natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation, leading to adaptation and diversity.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Enzyme Inhibition: Study Notes

Enzyme inhibition involves molecules that bind to enzymes, reducing or halting their activity. Types include competitive, non-competitive, and irreversible.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Factors Effecting Rate of Enzyme Action: Study Notes

Factors affecting enzyme action include substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration. These influence reaction rates and efficiency.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Mechanism of Action of Enzymes: Study Notes

Enzymes catalyze reactions by binding substrates at their active sites, forming an enzyme-substrate complex that lowers activation energy and speeds reactions.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Introduction and Characteristics of Enzymes: Study Notes

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions, are specific to substrates, and work best at certain temperatures and pH levels.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Chordata: Study Notes

Chordata includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail. They exhibit bilateral symmetry and complex organ systems.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Echinodermata: Study Notes

Explore the key characteristics of Echinodermata in the Diversity Among Animals chapter for MDCAT Biology, with a detailed overview to enhance your understanding.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Arthropoda: Study Notes

Explore a detailed overview of the Characteristics of Arthropoda in Diversity Among Animals for MDCAT Biology, covering key features and their biological importance.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Mollusca: Study Notes

Mollusca includes soft-bodied animals like snails and octopuses. Key traits are a soft body, mantle, radula for feeding, and diverse reproductive strategies.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Annelida: Study Notes

Explore a detailed overview of the Characteristics of Annelida in Diversity Among Animals for MDCAT Biology, covering key features and their biological significance.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Nemathelminthes/Aschelminthes: Study Notes

Nemathelminthes, or roundworms, are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, and cylindrical. They have a pseudocoelom, lack circulatory systems, and reproduce sexually.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes: Study Notes

Platyhelminthes, or flatworms, are triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical, lacking a circulatory system and having a simple digestive cavity.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Cnidaria: Study Notes

Cnidaria includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. They have radial symmetry, a simple body plan with a gastrovascular cavity, and specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Characteristics of Porifera: Study Notes

Porifera, or sponges, are multicellular, pore-bearing animals lacking true tissues or organs. They are mostly marine and filter feed through ostia and oscula.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Parts of the Brain: Study Notes

The brain consists of several key parts: the cerebrum for higher functions, cerebellum for coordination, medulla for autonomic control, and hypothalamus for homeostasis.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Spinal Cord and its Functions: Study Notes

The spinal cord connects the brain to the body, relaying motor commands and sensory information. It coordinates reflexes for quick responses and supports posture.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Endocrine Glands: Study Notes

Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones into the bloodstream, regulating growth, metabolism, and mood. Key glands include the pituitary and thyroid.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Transmission of Action Potential Between Cells–synapse: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Transmission of Action Potential Between Cells–synapse in Coordination and Control for MDCAT Biology.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Nervous System: Study Notes

The nervous system coordinates body functions through the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), processing stimuli and generating responses.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Fluid Mosaic Model: Study Notes

The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a flexible structure made of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, allowing movement and function.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Prokaryote and Eukaryote: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in Cell Structure and Function for MDCAT Biology, covering their differences, characteristics, and roles.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Vacuoles: Study Notes

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles in cells that store substances, maintain turgor pressure, and aid in waste disposal and nutrient regulation.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Plastids and Chloroplasts: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Plastids and Chloroplasts in Cell Structure and Function for MDCAT Biology.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Golgi Apparatus: Study Notes

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum, playing a key role in secretion and cellular transport.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Mitochondria: Study Notes

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles known as the cell's powerhouses, generating ATP through aerobic respiration and involved in metabolic processes.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Endoplasmic Reticulum in Cell Structure and Function for MDCAT Biology.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Nucleus: Study Notes

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material, regulating growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Cytoplasm and Cell Organelles: Study Notes

Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within cells, housing organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, essential for cellular functions.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Cell Wall: Study Notes

The cell wall is a rigid structure surrounding plant, fungal, and bacterial cells, providing support, protection, and shape while regulating substance movement.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Proteins: Study Notes

Proteins are essential biomolecules made of amino acids, performing diverse roles like catalyzing reactions, providing structure, and facilitating communication.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Lipids: Study Notes

Lipids are diverse organic compounds, including fats, oils, and phospholipids, crucial for energy storage, cell membrane structure, and signaling in organisms.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Conjugated Molecules (Glycolipids, Glycoproteins): Study Notes

Conjugated molecules, like glycolipids and glycoproteins, form when carbohydrates combine with lipids or proteins. They play key roles in cell structure and function.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Carbohydrates: Study Notes

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, serving as energy sources and structural components.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Photosynthesis: Study Notes

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Role of Light, CO₂, and Factors Affecting Photosynthesis: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Role of Light, CO₂, and Factors Affecting Photosynthesis in Bioenergetics for MDCAT Biology.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Production of ATP: Study Notes

ATP production occurs via glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis yields 2 ATP; overall, about 30 ATP are produced per glucose.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Light Dependent and Light Independent Phases: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of Light Dependent and Light Independent Phases in Bioenergetics for MDCAT Biology.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Electron Transport Chain: Study Notes

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes in mitochondria that transfer electrons, creating a proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Glycolysis / Glycolytic Pathway / Aerobic Respiration: Study Notes

Glycolysis, occurring in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH, essential for energy production.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 9, 2024

Anaerobic Respiration : Study Notes

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, generating energy by converting glucose into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2, producing 2 ATP molecules per glucose.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 9, 2024

Introduction to Viruses: Study Notes

Get a comprehensive overview of the "Introduction to Viruses" in Biodiversity for MDCAT Biology, covering key concepts and essential details for your preparation.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 8, 2024

Classification of Viruses: Study Notes

Get a comprehensive overview of the Classification of Viruses in Biodiversity for MDCAT Biology, exploring viral types, characteristics, and their role in ecosystems.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 8, 2024

Structure of Viruses: Study Notes

Viruses are composed of a nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) encased in a protective protein coat called a capsid; some have an additional lipid envelope.

Azka Anwar
Azka Anwar
November 8, 2024

Viral Disease: Study Notes

Get a comprehensive overview of Viral Diseases in Biodiversity for MDCAT Biology, covering types of viral infections, their impact on organisms, and ecosystem balance.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 8, 2024

Discovery of Viruses: Study Notes

Get a detailed overview of the Discovery of Viruses in Biodiversity for MDCAT Biology, including key historical milestones and their impact on biological research.

Afreen Dar
Afreen Dar
November 8, 2024
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